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- <text id=90TT2980>
- <title>
- Nov. 08, 1990: Quarreling Over Quality
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
- Nov. 08, 1990 Special Issue - Women:The Road Ahead
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- PUBLIC IMAGES, Page 61
- ART
- Quarreling over Quality
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>A feminist critique blasts old assumptions about how we judge
- an artist's works
- </p>
- <p>By Edward M. Gomez/Paris--With reporting by Daniel S. Levy/
- New York
- </p>
- <p> Mention feminism and art in the same breath, and some art
- critics begin to fume. "The feminist movement has not come up
- with a single talent heretofore unknown to us," insists Hilton
- Kramer, the founding editor of the New Criterion, a monthly arts
- review. "It tells us nothing about the qualities one should be
- studying in a work of art." But those are fighting words to the
- legions of artists, critics and scholars who have devoted the
- past 20 years to developing a feminist critique of art history.
- Their efforts have virtually set the agenda for academic
- discussion and have begun to overturn the standard textbook
- reading of visual art as an orderly march of styles from cave
- paintings to postmodernism.
- </p>
- <p> Chipping away at the cultural canon, feminist artists
- beginning in the 1970s sought to rewrite art history to include
- overlooked female talents. Miriam Schapiro, Judy Chicago, Nancy
- Spero and other U.S. artists and historians, along with
- colleagues in Europe, began to exhume female artists of the
- past. They included medieval mystics and such Renaissance
- artists as Cremona-born Sofonisba Anguissola, who painted at the
- court of Philip II of Spain, and Artemisia Gentileschi of Rome,
- a painter's daughter who, like her father, was influenced by
- Caravaggio's eye-popping naturalism. To feminist admirers, the
- value of these women's paintings is self-evident. But some
- scholars complain that the sex of an artist has nothing to do
- with the quality of a work.
- </p>
- <p> This issue of quality lies at the heart of the debate
- between supporters and foes of the feminist critique. What does
- it mean to say that a given painting or sculpture has the
- enduring quality of a masterpiece? Who defines this, and what
- biases does it reflect? Traditionally, quality has referred to
- the degree of excellence and accomplishment in a work of art,
- reflected in its form or content. The term is used to identify
- artists who demonstrate the highest technical skills and most
- mature or "serious" treatment of their subject matter. Works of
- the highest quality, or masterpieces, serve as yardsticks by
- which to measure all other works: the good, the bad or the mere
- passing fad. But feminists like art professor Whitney Chadwick
- of San Francisco State University insist that there simply is
- no "objective factor called quality that someone sophisticated
- and knowledgeable can immediately deduce."
- </p>
- <p> Chadwick, author of the recent book Women, Art and Society,
- and like-minded scholars argue that a work of art reflects the
- culture, the times and also the sex of its creator. They contend
- that a mostly white male heterosexual establishment has shaped
- the form and content as well as the critical evaluation of
- Western art, giving scant attention to female artists whose work
- may reflect a sensibility different from theirs. "The old belief
- held that a work of art was the same, no matter when or where
- or who looked at it," says Linda Nochlin, a Yale University art
- professor and a leading feminist historian. "The `new' art
- history considers the gender of both artist and observer." For
- whose pleasure, for example, have all the female nudes in
- Western art been painted or sculpted?
- </p>
- <p> The subject is explosive, says Chadwick, because to question
- quality not only challenges cultural history but also "threatens
- the dealers, curators, critics and auctioneers who control the
- system that assigns value to artists' works." That may be so,
- says Kirk Varnedoe, director of the department of painting and
- sculpture at New York City's Museum of Modern Art, who does not
- completely accept or reject the feminist critique. But to
- dismiss the notion of quality, he says, also challenges the very
- purpose of art criticism and art appreciation. Says Varnedoe:
- "One is never relieved of the burden of making judgments about
- relative quality--nor should one be."
- </p>
- <p> While the scholars squabble, practicing artists such as
- Schapiro, Chicago and Spero have tried to create a new, women's
- art. Their work has incorporated techniques of traditional
- "women's work"--quilting, embroidery, crafts--or explored
- female sexuality. Inspired by Islamic and Near Eastern designs,
- Schapiro, Joyce Kozloff and others have produced large works
- resembling huge swatches of patterned fabric. Their tableaux
- infused geometric abstraction's smooth, minimalist surfaces with
- an explosion of zigzags and curlicues. Thus during the 1970s
- emerged the style called pattern and decoration.
- </p>
- <p> Of course, not all female artists today are overtly
- feminist. Gender has not explicitly been an issue in the work
- of Susan Rothenberg or Jennifer Bartlett, two of the most
- successful contemporary painters. Nor does it dominate the work
- of media artist Jenny Holzer, who this year became the first
- woman to represent the U.S. at the Venice Biennale. Still, the
- force of feminism has helped improve the odds that a female
- artist's work will be exhibited and taken seriously. This
- year's most visible example was "The Decade Show," a
- three-museum summer exhibition in New York City that featured
- a multiracial roster of artists, including many women.
- </p>
- <p> "Feminism seeded the democratization of art," says Schapiro.
- Traditionalists may snicker, but under its influence mainstream
- critical discourse has broadened to consider the social,
- historical and political contexts in which art is produced.
- Rediscovered female artists are not listed in every syllabus,
- but more and more students, art educators point out, are eager
- to learn about ignored talents. How to select which ones to
- study? Says Spero: "It's so subjective. It always comes down to
- that old chestnut, quality." Whether feminists like it or not,
- the viewer's quest for quality may be as fundamental, and
- inevitable, as the artist's urge to create.
- </p>
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
-